Metropolitan France topographic map

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new…

Average elevation: 75 m

Average elevation: 708 m

Average elevation: 709 m

Average elevation: 32 m

Average elevation: 104 m

Average elevation: 168 m

Average elevation: 36 m

Average elevation: 163 m

Average elevation: 5 m

Average elevation: 321 m

Average elevation: 91 m

Average elevation: 5 m

Average elevation: 833 m

Average elevation: 134 m

Average elevation: 85 m

Average elevation: 607 m

Average elevation: 89 m

Average elevation: 1,560 m

Average elevation: 82 m

Average elevation: 306 m

Average elevation: 407 m

Average elevation: 533 m

Average elevation: 129 m

In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation gradually increases from west to east.

Average elevation: 2,716 m

Average elevation: 360 m

Average elevation: 379 m

Average elevation: 1,338 m

Average elevation: 256 m

Average elevation: 49 m

Average elevation: 522 m

Average elevation: 684 m

Average elevation: 34 m

Average elevation: 1,008 m

Average elevation: 276 m

Average elevation: 32 m

Average elevation: 192 m

Average elevation: 504 m

Average elevation: 691 m

Average elevation: 1,321 m

Average elevation: 120 m

Average elevation: 626 m

Average elevation: 119 m

Average elevation: 24 m

Average elevation: 13 m

Average elevation: 1,708 m

Average elevation: 86 m

Average elevation: 36 m

Average elevation: 68 m

Average elevation: 753 m

Average elevation: 366 m

Average elevation: 105 m

Average elevation: 279 m

Average elevation: 259 m

Average elevation: 21 m

Average elevation: 1,576 m

Average elevation: 438 m

Average elevation: 689 m

Average elevation: 70 m

Average elevation: 141 m

Average elevation: 1,857 m

Average elevation: 106 m

Average elevation: 94 m

Average elevation: 7 m

Average elevation: 229 m

Average elevation: 1,799 m

Average elevation: 3,199 m

Average elevation: 1,048 m

The climate is cold and temperate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), and is greatly influenced by altitude. Being the highest part of the Alps, Mont Blanc and surrounding mountains can create their own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a…

Average elevation: 4,092 m

Average elevation: 308 m

Average elevation: 11 m

Average elevation: 501 m

Average elevation: 393 m

Average elevation: 624 m

Average elevation: 6 m

Average elevation: 374 m

Average elevation: 499 m

Average elevation: 365 m

Average elevation: 509 m

Average elevation: 196 m

Average elevation: 300 m

Average elevation: 188 m

Average elevation: 581 m

Average elevation: 1,441 m

Average elevation: 25 m

Average elevation: 275 m

Average elevation: 951 m

Average elevation: 67 m

The climate is cold and temperate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), and is greatly influenced by altitude. Being the highest part of the Alps, Mont Blanc and surrounding mountains can create their own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a…

Average elevation: 4,092 m

Average elevation: 144 m

Average elevation: 862 m

Average elevation: 23 m

Average elevation: 710 m

Average elevation: 228 m

Average elevation: 96 m

Average elevation: 78 m

Average elevation: 34 m

Average elevation: 229 m

Average elevation: 68 m

Average elevation: 414 m

Average elevation: 63 m