Guadeloupe topographic map

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new…

Average elevation: 62 m

Average elevation: 275 m

Average elevation: 1,044 m

Average elevation: 228 m

Average elevation: 24 m

Average elevation: 390 m

Average elevation: 1,048 m

Average elevation: 62 m

Average elevation: 98 m

Average elevation: 566 m

Average elevation: 272 m

Average elevation: 236 m

In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation gradually increases from west to east.

Average elevation: 2,716 m

Average elevation: 18 m

Average elevation: 228 m

Average elevation: 105 m

Average elevation: 243 m

Average elevation: 3 m

The Armorican massif reaches its maximal elevation outside of Brittany, in neighbouring Mayenne, at 417 m, and slopes towards the west before straightening on its western extremity, with the Montagnes Noires and the Monts d'Arrée. The highest hill in Brittany is the Roc'h Ruz in the Monts d'Arrée, at 385 m…

Average elevation: 50 m

Average elevation: 94 m

Average elevation: 905 m

Average elevation: 811 m

Average elevation: 233 m

Average elevation: 441 m

The climate is cold and temperate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), and is greatly influenced by altitude. Being the highest part of the Alps, Mont Blanc and surrounding mountains can create their own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a…

Average elevation: 4,092 m

The first half of the 14th century was a prosperous period, despite the dismemberment in 1317 of the very large bishopric of Toulouse (which lost two thirds of its area and a large part of its income, a loss only partially compensated by its elevation to the rank of archbishopric), and the episode of the…

Average elevation: 155 m

Average elevation: 286 m

Average elevation: 90 m

Average elevation: 160 m

Average elevation: 1,013 m

Covering 5,229 square kilometres (2,019 square miles), the department was the smallest among the four contributors to Champagne-Ardenne. It is diverse in climate, topography, natural vegetation and land use, which is a mixture of forest and arable farming.

Average elevation: 225 m

Due to its elevation, Chamonix has a humid continental climate (Dfb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual precipitation of 1,280 mm (50 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold and snowy.

Average elevation: 2,219 m

Average elevation: 300 m

Average elevation: 130 m

Average elevation: 71 m

Average elevation: 31 m

Average elevation: 14 m

Average elevation: 53 m

Average elevation: 404 m

Average elevation: 532 m

Average elevation: 107 m

Average elevation: 240 m

Average elevation: 44 m

The landscape is one of very broad valleys (flood plains), modest watershed hills and well-drained plateaux of comparatively little altitude. In the south-east and east the plain of Champagne and the Seuil de Bourgogne (Threshold of Burgundy) differential erosion of the strata has left low scarps with the dip…

Average elevation: 126 m

Average elevation: 107 m

Average elevation: 194 m

Under the Köppen climate classification scheme, coastal regions are characterized by a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Further inland, a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) is more common. At the highest elevation locations, small areas with a subarctic climate (Dsc, Dfc) and the rare cold-summer…

Average elevation: 139 m

Average elevation: 36 m

Average elevation: 127 m

Average elevation: 112 m